Name: Endah Setiawati
Npm: 1910631060163
Class: 3A – Language English Education Department
Subject: Post Intermediate Reading
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Definition of Dance
Dance is a
performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human
movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged
as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be
categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements,
or by its historical period or place of origin An important distinction is to
be drawn between the contexts of theatrical and participatory dance, although
these two categories are not always completely separate; both may have special
functions, whether social, ceremonial, competitive, erotic, martial, or
sacred/liturgical. Other forms of human movement are sometimes said to have a
dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, cheerleading, figure
skating, synchronized swimming, marching bands, and many other forms of
athletics.The following is an understanding of modern dance and traditional
dance:
1
. Modern Dance
Modern dance is a broad
genre of western concert or theatrical dance, primarily arising out of Germany and the United States in
the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern dance is often considered
to have emerged as a rejection of or rebellion against, classical ballet. Socioeconomic and cultural factors also contributed to
its development. In the late 19th century, dance artists such as Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan and Loie Fuller were pioneering new forms and practices in what is now
called aesthetic or free dance for
performance. These dancers disregarded ballet's strict movement vocabulary, the
particular, limited set of movements that were considered proper to ballet and
stopped wearing corsets and pointe shoes in the search for greater freedom of
movement. Throughout the 20th century, sociopolitical concerns, major
historical events and the development of other art forms contributed to the
continued development of modernist dance in the United States and Germany.
Moving into the 1960s, new ideas about dance began to emerge, as a response to
earlier dance forms and to social changes. Eventually, postmodern dance artists would
reject the formalism of modern dance, and include elements such as performance art, contact improvisation, release technique and
improvisation. American modern dance can be divided (roughly) into three
periods or eras. In the Early Modern period (c. 1880–1923), characterized by the work of Isadora
Duncan, Loie Fuller, Ruth St. Denis, Ted Shawn and Eleanor King, artistic practice changed radically, but clearly
distinct modern dance techniques had not yet emerged. In the Central Modern
period (c. 1923–1946), choreographers Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Katherine Dunham, Charles Weidman and Lester Horton sought to
develop distinctively American movement styles and vocabularies, and developed
clearly defined and recognizable dance training systems. In the Late Modern
period (c. 1946–1957), José Limón, Pearl Primus, Merce Cunningham, Talley Beatty, Erick Hawkins, Anna Sokolow, Anna Halprin, Paul Taylor introduced
clear abstractionism and avant-garde movements,
and paved the way for postmodern dance. Modern dance has
evolved with each subsequent generation of
participating artists. Artistic content has morphed and shifted from one
choreographer to another, as have styles and techniques. Artists such as Graham
and Horton developed techniques in the Central Modern Period that are still
taught worldwide and numerous other types of modern dance exist today. As
for the types of modern dance such as :
1 . balet
Ballet
is the name of a dance technique. Dance work choreographed using this technique
is called ballet, and includes: the dance itself, mime, acting, and music (be
it orchestral or singing). Ballet can be performed alone or as part of an
opera. Ballet is famous for its virtuoso techniques such as pointe work, grand
pas de deux, and elevated leg lifts. Ballet techniques are much the same as
fencing, perhaps because they both started to develop during the same period,
and also because they both require similar balance and movement techniques. The
term ballo was first used by Domenico da Piacenza (in De Arte Saltandi et
Choreas Ducendi), so that his work was known as balleti or balli which later
became ballet. The term ballet itself was coined by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx in
Ballet Comique de la Royne (1581) which is a ballet comique (ballet drama). In
the same year, Fabritio Caroso published Il Ballarino, a technical guide to
ballet dancing, which made Italy a major center for the development of ballet.
2 . Tango Dance
Tango
dance is a dance that originated in Latin America, which was born in the
mid-1800s. This male and female pair dance has influences from European and
African cultures. Some say this dance is also the result of a fusion of some
immigrants in Europe such as African culture brought by African nations who
entered through the Transatlantic trade. Thus influencing dance, music,
culture, cuisine and religion in Latin America. The dynamic tango dance
movements are able to create an atmosphere of enthusiasm, excitement and
romance in those who do it or those who just see it.
3. Flamenco Dance
Some dancers use castanets to add color to the
music, but there are also dancers who don't use this instrument because it is
considered to reduce the beauty of the dance. Flamenco dancers perform dances
with vigorous improvisation and movements to create an energetic and engaging
show. They wear brightly colored clothes and dance solo, in pairs or groups.
Dance performances include fast footwork, graceful hand movements, clapping and
finger snapping. The essence of Flamenco performances is singing, dancing and playing
musical instruments. Singing is called cante flamenco and playing the guitar is
called toque flamenco. Sometimes music is played without dancing. The typical
movements of the Flamenco dance are shown by holding up the arms and concluding
the hands (filigrano), arching the back and moving the legs rhythmically
(zapateado). Songs and dances accompanied by light palmadas (applause) and
pitas (finger snap) interludes. Dancers often dance in duende shows, where it
is as if they are possessed by the emotions of music and dance. Duende is shown
at the cante jondo performance in an illusory atmosphere by pouring out
emotions and impressions like a volcano about to erupt. Male dancers are
required to dance with a masculine appearance, while women dance in a calm,
proud manner and with controlled sensuality. The dance and music are
accompanied by clapping, finger snapping, and cheers of encouragement (jaleo). Guitar
players perform compás (basic rhythms) and play rhythms according to the
changing feelings of the singer or dancer. Even though many dancers have used
castanets, aficionados feel that it reduces the beauty of the dance somewhat
and disrupts the filigrano movement.
4 . Salsa Dance
Salsa is a paired dance related to salsa
music. The word salsa comes from the Spanish word for sauce, or in this case is
taste or style. According to the admissions of music experts and historians,
the name salsa has been accepted among dancers for decades. The first time the
word salsa was broadcast on the radio was through a song composed by Ignacio
Piñeiro, aimed at an old African man selling butifarras (a type of sausage) on
Central Road in Matanas. The son's rhythmic song is entitled Échale salsita.
The chorus and verses of the song say "Salsaaa! Échale salsita, échale salsita."
In the early 1950s, commentator and DJ "bigote" Escalona announced a
salsa dance with the title "The following beat contains Salsa".
Eventually the Spanish-speaking residents of New York City dubbed Celia Cruz
the "Queen of Salsa". Salsa is danced to an eight-beat rhythm, that
is, with two bars consisting of four beats. The salsa dance pattern usually
uses three steps for every four beats, one beat being skipped. However, missed
beats are generally characterized by foot jerks, kicks, flicks, and so on.
Usually, salsa music involves a fast and complex percussion beat, which is
about 180 beats per minute.
5 . Waltz Dance
Waltzs is a type of ballroom dance and folk
dance in 3/4 beat, performed mainly in a closed position. The main basic
movement of a waltzs is a two-stage complete loop with three stages per stage. Waltzs
became popular in Vienna around 1780s and spread to various other countries in
the following years. Waltzs and their closed positions serve as examples for
the creation of a variety of other room dances. Subsequently, many types of waltzs
developed, including several other folk and room dances.
6 . Break Dance
Breaking, also called breakdancing or b-boying/b-girling, is an athletic
style of street dance from
the United States. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the
dance, breakdancing mainly consists of four kinds of movement: toprock, downrock, power moves and freezes. Breakdancing
is typically set to songs containing drum breaks, especially in hip-hop, funk, soul music and breakbeat music, although modern trends allow for much wider
varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo and beat patterns. Breaking was created by the African American youth in the early
1970s. The earliest 1st Generation breakdancers of Bboys known as Trixie
(Lauree Myers), Dancing Doug (Douglas Colon), A1 Bboy Sasa, The Legendary Smith
Twins and Clark Kent. The groups included Zulu Kings, Star Child La Rock,
Salsoul and Crazy Commandos. By the late seventies, the dance had begun to
spread to other communities and was gaining wider popularity; at the same
time, the dance had peaked in popularity among African Americans and Puerto
Ricans. A practitioner of this dance is called
a b-boy, b-girl, or breaker. Although the term "breakdance" is
frequently used to refer to the dance in popular culture and in the mainstream
entertainment industry, "b-boying" and "breaking" are the
original terms and are preferred by the majority of the pioneers and most
notable practitioners.
7 . contemporary dance
Is a type of dance that is affected by the
impact of modernization and is free and is not bound by the provisions of movement
as in traditional dances. One example of contemporary dance is the Cak Rina
dance by Sardono W. Kusumo and the Yapong dance by Bagong Kussudiarjo. As
stated in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), the word 'contemporary' itself
means 'at the same time' or 'present'. In this way, contemporary dance can be
defined as a dance that depicts the present state and when it was created has
provisions outside of dance in general. The aims of contemporary dance appear
to be many. Among them are for the purpose of education, communication,
entertainment / correction only, and arstistics that can be enjoyed by other
artists.
2 . Traditional Dance
Dance in Indonesia (Indonesian: Tarian Indonesia) reflects the country's diversity
of ethnicities and cultures.
There are more than 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia: Austronesian roots
and Melanesian tribal forms are
visible, and influences ranging from neighboring Asian and even western styles
through colonization. Each ethnic group has its own dances: there are more than
3,000 original dance forms in Indonesia. The old traditions of dance and drama
are being preserved in the many dance schools which flourish not only in the
courts but also in the modern, government-run or supervised art academies. For
classification purpose, the dances of Indonesia can be divided according to
several aspects. In historical aspect it can be divided into three eras; the
prehistoric-tribal era, the Hindu-Buddhist era and the era of Islam. According
to its patrons, it can be divided into two genres; court dance and folk dance.
In its tradition, Indonesian dances can be divided into two types; traditional
dance and contemporary dance. As
for the types of traditional dance, namely :
1 . Kecak Dance
The Kecak
dance is performed by dozens of male dancers who sit in a circle, raise their
hands, and shout "cak". This dance tells a deep story of the
Ramayana.
2 . Jaipong Dance
This traditional dance from West Java is
famous for its dynamic movements. This dance is actually a combination of
pencak silat, Ronggeng Dance, and Tilu Tap Dance. It can be danced individually
or in groups. This dance tells about the characteristics of Sundanese women who
are brave, independent, hardworking, and romantic.
3 . Pendet Dance
Originating
from the same island as the Kecak Dance, Pendet Dance is also one of the famous
traditional Balinese dances and is usually performed by female dancers with a
small bowl, aka a bowl filled with various kinds of flowers. This dance is
performed as a welcome dance or a welcoming dance.
4 . Zapin Dance
In this dance, embedded Islamic teaching
values are used as a means of preaching. Zapin dance contains education
knowledge for the people of the Riau Islands so that they have a high sense of
social life in the midst of society.
5 . Gambyong dance
Gambyong dance displays graceful and beautiful
movements. Circular movements, back and forth, moving the head, and playing the
shawl, philosophically depict the beauty and tenderness of Javanese women.
Gambyong dance can be performed for the needs of welcoming the guest of honor.
6 . Yapong Dance
This contemporary dance is a hallmark of the
culture of the Betawi people in Jakarta. The Yapong Dance movement is simple,
but very dynamic, exotic, and expressive. In some of its movements, this dance
shows a happy atmosphere in welcoming the guest of honor.
7 . Leleng Dance
Originally from East Kalimantan, Leleng Dance
tells the story of a girl who is forcibly married by her parents. Then the girl
chose to run away from the house and fled into the forest. The hallmark of this
traditional dance is the colorful costumes and feather accessories on the
hands.
8 . Tor Tor Dance
This dance, which was influenced by
Hindu-Buddhist culture, originated from Batak Toba, North Sumatra. The name of
this dance is the sound of dancers stomping on the floor of the traditional
Batak house. In ancient times, this dance was part of a dance offering to
ancestral spirits.
